Viral Hepatitis and Health Care Workers Free Essay Example, 2000 words

This paper tells that out of all the known strains of hepatitis, hepatitis B is the most prevalent worldwide, with both its mortality and infection rates being the highest. It is commonly referred to as HBV, meaning hepatitis B virus. According to a report published by the World Health Organization, hepatitis B is a very critical occupational hazard for all health workers when compared to hepatitis A (HAV) or C (HCV), which also occur among health workers. The same report also backs up previously stated claims that HBV is more infectious (about 50-100 times more) than HIV/AIDS, but states that vaccination is the best way of preventing it. Hepatitis B and C are often transmitted via blood contact, contamination and use of unsterilized needles or equipment. HCWs that come into contact with blood products, human blood or bodily fluids that are potentially infectious are more susceptible to HBV and HCV. Over the years, it has also been established that some spheres of healthcare represe nt more risk, with orthopedic services, surgery and gynecology leading the list. CDC requires and recommends that all emergency personnel, HCWs and other people who are regularly exposed to bodily fluids and blood at work must be vaccinated against HBV. We will write a custom essay sample on Viral Hepatitis and Health Care Workers or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now This vaccine guarantees a lifetime protection against HBV. Since a vaccine is yet to develop for HCV, it is highly recommended that universal precautions are strictly adhered to in addition to employing safe and simple techniques with the aim of avoiding exposure. All HCWs must follow these precautions to the latter in order to protect not only themselves but also their colleagues and patients. For individuals who are unvaccinated but who think that they may have been exposed to and contracted HBV, they should be put under post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) as soon as possible. If testing reveals that they are positive for HBV, they must be vaccinated against the disease. In this regard, they receive an initial dose of the vaccine, followed by a single dose of hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) not more than 24 hours after the confirmation of positive results.

Immigration 9500 Liberty Essay - 2000 Words

Justice 202-2: WIP OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: Analyzing 9500 Liberty The documentary 9500 Liberty by Annabel Park and Eric Byler told of the inequality that immigrants faced in Prince William County, a small community in Virginia. On October 16, 2007, eight members of the Prince William County Board of Supervisors voted unanimously on emergency funding to implement immigration resolution. This new law made it possible for police officers in Prince William County to question anyone they suspected to be in the country illegally based on factors such as their skin color and language. This paper will discuss the different perspectives appearing in the film 9500 Liberty in an effort to evaluate and critic arguments made by both parties in†¦show more content†¦The aftermath of the vote left many citizens in a state of panic on both sides. As many Latinos moved out of Prince William County to flee the injustice, the mainly white citizens that once stood up to protest for the bill began to see financial hardship that the absence of immigrants ca used the county. Prince William County experienced the highest foreclosure rate in the region, declining retail sales, failing businesses, falling property values, and a decrease of generated taxes were some of the factors that the county was left with as the immigrants migrated to welcoming parts of the country. Due to the aftermath many residents that once supported the bill began to realize their error and began to acknowledge that the bill was a mistake- that coupled with the accusation of Chief Deane as committing treason. Chris Pannell the membership director of â€Å"Help Save Manassas† was one of the people that left the group after realizing the unbearable problems that were occurring due to law being passed. In April of 2008 the Board of Supervisors met again to vote on the motion to raise taxes and retain the â€Å"probable cause† mandate. However, this time around the opposing side was no longer the Latino community. In April the sides consisted of â€Å"Help Save Manassas†, Greg

California Bullet Train Free Essays

Okay my current event is on the california bullet train. This train will go from San Francisco to Los Angeles. The state senate just recently gave 8 billion dollars for the first part of the 130 miles of track and also a couple other local transit upgrades. We will write a custom essay sample on California Bullet Train or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was a tough win for democratic leaders because they got the bare minimum of 21 votes which were all democratic votes. This was a victory for Governor Jerry Brown and the Obama administration who have been pushing for this. It would also be the first bullet train in the U. S. The train will begin construction in the central valley from Bakersfield to Madera, which will cost about 5. 9 billion. Out of the 5. 9 billion, about 3. 2 billion is federal money and 2. 6 billion is state bonds. The train will travel at 220 MPH and get you to L. A. in about 2 and a half hours. There is also 2 billion for other rail projects, like the electrification of Cal train in the bay area and improvements for the Metrolink in Los Angeles County. With the electrification of cal train, the trains would be much lighter, quieter and put out 90% less pollution then the current diesel engines. They will be much safer, they will start and stop much more quickly then before, and will also be compatible with the rails they currently use. The proposition for the bullet train was first on the 2008 ballot and was then approved t, it gave 9. 9 billion to the project, since then the project has had delays and rising costs. In 2008 the total price of the bullet train was 33 billion, when voters okayed it. Now the estimated cost has more than doubled at 68 billion and the completion date was pushed from 2020 to 2028. A Los Angeles times poll in may showed that 59% of voters would reject the plan if it were back on the ballot. There is still a lot of work in the way before they can begin construction and is unclear when it will begin. They have to fight off five current lawsuits against the project, they have to negotiate with property owners along the route especially big farm businesses, and have to comply with californias strict environmental laws. Republicans led by LaMalfa are creating a petition to put this rail line back on the ballot, but it is unlikely because the measure wouldn’t reach the statewide ballot box until November 2014, which is 18 months after construction is scheduled to start. I chose this article because it I think this would be a great addition to our state because it would open up many jobs which we desperately need. It would also take many cars off the road which would be a nice change in congested areas and would also reduce the amount of flights from sfo to la. In the beginning it would be expensive but later on in the future it would pay off with much more I don’t know why we are building this now while we are in a recession and not back in better times. I think they should have built this years ago. California needs more transportation like this and hopefully this could spark more trains to be built to replace the use of so many cars. I don’t think this article is biased because it is showing both points of view of people who want it and don’t want it. If I had the power to build this or not, I would have built this years ago because I think right now we need to put that money to better use such as education. How to cite California Bullet Train, Papers

Abraham Lincolns assassination Essay Example For Students

Abraham Lincolns assassination Essay Abraham Lincolns assassination was a malevolent ending to an already bitter and spiteful event in American history, the Civil War. John Wilkes Booth and his group of co-conspirators developed plans in the late summer of 1864 to only kidnap the President and take him the Confederate capital of Richmond and hold him in return for Confederate prisoners of war. Booths group of conspirators: Samuel Arnold, Michael OLaughlen, John Surratt, Lewis Paine, George Atzerodt, David Herold, and Mary Surratt Johns wife, made plans on March 17, 1865, to capture Lincoln, who was scheduled to see a play at a hospital in the outskirts of Washington. However, Lincoln changed plans and remained in the capital Booth 98 On April 9, 1865, General Lee surrendered to General Grant at Appomattox. Two days later Lincoln delivered a speech in front of the White House to a group that had gathered outside. Booth, being present in this group, heard Lincoln suggest that certain voting rights should be granted to the blacks. Infuriated, being a racist, Booths plans now turned from the kidnapping of Lincoln to his assassination Lewis, Neely 115 Three days before his assassination Lincoln told of a dream he had to his wife and one of his friends, Ward Hill Lamon. According to Lamon, the President said: About ten days ago, I retired very late. I had been waiting up for some important dispatches from the front. I could not have been long in bed when I fell into a slumber, for I was weary. I soon began to dream. There seemed to be a death-like stillness about me. Then I heard subdued sobs, as if a number of people were weeping. I thought I left my bed and wandered downstairs. There the silence was broken by the same pitiful sobbing, but the mourners were invisible. I went from room to room; no living person was in sight, but the same mournful sounds of distress met me as I passed along. I saw light in all the rooms; every object was familiar to me; but where were all the people who were grieving as if their hearts would break? I was puzzled and alarmed. What could be the meaning of all this? Determined to find the cause of the state of things so mysterious and shocking, I kept on until I arrived at the East Room, which I entered. There I met a sickening surprise. Before me was a catafalque, on which rested a corpse wrapped in funeral vestments. Around it were stationed soldiers who were acting as guards; and there was a throng of people, gazing mournfully upon the corpse, whose face was covered, others weeping pitifully. Who is dead in the White House? I demanded of one of the soldiers, The President, was his answer; he was killed by an assassin. Then came a loud burst of grief from the crows, which woke me from my dream. I slept no more that night; and although it was only a dream, I have been strangely annoyed by it ever since. Online http://members. aol. com Was it possible that President Lincoln knew of his assassination before it actually happened? On the morning of Friday, April 14, Booth stopped by Fords Theatre and found out that President Lincoln and General Grant were planning on attending the evening performance of Our American Cousin. Booth then held one final meeting with the conspirators and said he would kill Lincoln at the theater, he had found out that Grant had left town. Atzerodt was to kill the Vice-President Andrew Johnson at Kirkwood House where he resided. Powell and Herold were assigned to kill the Secretary of State William Seward. Both attacks were scheduled to take place simultaneously at approximately 10:15 p. m. that night. Booth hoped that the resulting chaos and weakness in the government could lead to a comeback for the South :Lewis, Neely 187 At about 7:00 p. m. William H. .u27d350d68bcea336f55a4a1365e78942 , .u27d350d68bcea336f55a4a1365e78942 .postImageUrl , .u27d350d68bcea336f55a4a1365e78942 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u27d350d68bcea336f55a4a1365e78942 , .u27d350d68bcea336f55a4a1365e78942:hover , .u27d350d68bcea336f55a4a1365e78942:visited , .u27d350d68bcea336f55a4a1365e78942:active { border:0!important; } .u27d350d68bcea336f55a4a1365e78942 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u27d350d68bcea336f55a4a1365e78942 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u27d350d68bcea336f55a4a1365e78942:active , .u27d350d68bcea336f55a4a1365e78942:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u27d350d68bcea336f55a4a1365e78942 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u27d350d68bcea336f55a4a1365e78942 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u27d350d68bcea336f55a4a1365e78942 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u27d350d68bcea336f55a4a1365e78942 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u27d350d68bcea336f55a4a1365e78942:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u27d350d68bcea336f55a4a1365e78942 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u27d350d68bcea336f55a4a1365e78942 .u27d350d68bcea336f55a4a1365e78942-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u27d350d68bcea336f55a4a1365e78942:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hamlet Story EssayCrook, Lincolns bodyguard, was relieved three hours late by John Parker. Parker was told to be on hand at Fords Theatre when the Presidential party got there. Crook said, Good night, Mr. Lincoln. The President replied, Good-bye, Crook. According to Crook this was a first. Lincoln ALWAYS previously said, Good night, Crook. Reck 148 Around 8:00 p. m. the Lincolns left the White House in a stage coach and proceeded to pick up Clara Harris and Major Rathbone. Parker led the way into the theater, with the play already in progress. When Lincoln entered the acting stopped and they played Hail to the Chief. The audience rose to their feet and applauded the President. Once he was seated in the state box the play continued. Booth arrived at Fords Theatre at 9:30 p. m. armed with a single shot derringer and a hunting knife. Joseph Burroughs, a boy who worked at the theater held his horse in the rear alley while Booth went to get a drink at a nearby saloon. He reentered the theater at 10:07 p. m. and slowly made his way towards the state box. John Parker had just left his post. At about 10:15 p. m. , Booth opened the door and shot Lincoln in the back of the head at near point-blank range, and struggled with Rathbone. Booth stabbed Rathbone in the arm and jumped about eleven feet to the stage. When he crashed to the floor he snapped the fibula bone in his left leg. Many in the theater thought they heard him yell Sic Semper Tyrannis, latin for as always to tyrants. Booth flashed his knife to the crowd and made his way across the stage in front of more than 1,000 people. It happened so quick no one had time to stop him. Booth escaped out the back door and left the city Lewis, Neely 261-263. The other half of the plan to kill Vice-President Johnson and Secretary of State Seward was basically a failure. Atzerodt made no attempt to kill Johnson, and Powell stabbed Seward but it failed to kill him. Herold escaped from the capital using the same bridge, the Navy Yard Bridge, as Booth. The two met in Maryland and stopped briefly around midnight in Mary Surratts tavern, where they had supplies ready to flee to the South. At around 4:00 a. m. they arrived at the home of Dr. Samuel Mudd who set and splinted Booths broken leg. Back in Washington, the bullet had entered Lincolns head about three inches behind his left ear and traveled about seven and a half inches into the brain. The first doctor to attend to the President was Charles Leale. He knew right then that the wound was mortal and the President wouldnt be able to recover. Lincolns body was carried across the street to the Peterson House. Armed soldiers guarded the house while a night long death watch began. Doctors said an average man with this type of wound would have died in two hours, Lincoln lasted nine. At 7:22 and 10 seconds a. m. on April 15, 1865 President Abraham Lincoln was dead. Upon hearing of the news Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton said, Now he belongs to the ages. Federal authorities caught up with Booth and Herold at Garretts farm near Port Royal, Virginia on the morning of April 26. Hiding in a barn, Herold gave up, but Booth would not so he has fatally shot. Within days of their capture the co-conspirators were arrested by the government. All were found guilty by a military tribunal. Mrs. Surratt, Powell, Atzerdot, and Herold were all hanged on July 7, 1865. Dr. Mudd, OLaughlin, and Arnold were given life terms in prison. John Surratt fled to Canada and then escaped to Europe, where he was captured and was tried in 1867 in a civil court. The jury was deadlocked and Surratt went free. Dr. Mudd and Arnold were all pardoned by President Andrew Johnson early in 1869.

Simple Writing for a Complex Audience

Simple Writing for a Complex Audience Carlene PalmManager, Client Author ServicesAs a writer, you might feel like you should try to impress your audience with poetic vocabulary and advanced structure. Naturally, you want your piece to be creative so that it draws your readers in and makes your writing stand out, but it is possible to stand out in a negative way. If you make your writing too complex, it can become hard to follow and difficult to finish reading, which can unintentionally push your audience away. Don’t be afraid to take a step back and bring things down a notch; keeping things simple can often make for a better article.VocabularyIt can be tempting to bring out a thesaurus and spice up your vocabulary, but bigger words aren’t always better. While you should try to write at a higher level, your readers shouldn’t need to bring out the dictionary to understand your content. If you find your phrasing to be bland and in need of an upgrade, then by all means, switch things up. But try to stic k with words that are familiar and won’t have your audience Googling definitions online.For example, here are some good options to replace the adjective â€Å"kind.†AmiableCordialGraciousThese synonyms, on the other hand, aren’t as easily recognizable.EleemosynaryClementPropitiousPunctuationMuch like with vocabulary, using complex punctuation in each sentence can make it seem like your article is sophisticated, but there’s a time and a place for each semicolon and dash. Of course, AP Style has its own rules for every punctuation mark, and as long as you follow them, you’ll be golden. Just remember that moderation is key: Exclamation points and dashes shouldn’t appear in every other sentence.In the following example, we use em dashes to offset a nonessential phrase. While it’s not technically wrong, this structure should be used sparingly to avoid stuffing your article with unnecessary punctuation, and commas should be more frequently used instead.â€Å"Jamie — who has red hair — loves going to the park with his dog.†Remember Your AudienceNone of these are steadfast rules and should really be dependent on the subject of your article. Each piece you write will have a targeted audience you should cater to. If your article is intended for a wide variety of people, skip complicated words and long sentence structures. Instead, keep things easy to read so that your reader won’t lose interest in what you have to say. Just be careful not to go too simple though. While you should be cautious about your punctuation, getting rid of it altogether can lead to choppy sentences, and if you constantly use the same simple words, it can come off as boring or redundant. Understand the reading level of your audience and you’ll be sure to write content that meets their needs.

Free Essays on Mosaic-2000

â€Å"Computer Project Seeks to Avert Youth Violence† Ever since the columbine high school shooting in Littleton, Colorado there has been hysteria of sorts. People are so worried about drugs and weapons in school. For this reason â€Å"the federal bureau of Alcohol, tobacco and firearms is working with an outside threat evaluation company to put together a computer program to help school officials spot troubled students who might be on the brink of violence.† this is the basis to Francis X. Clines essay â€Å"computer project seeks to avert youth violence† The computer program that had been being developed is called the â€Å"Mosaic-2000†. The program he states will rate potentially violent students on a 1-10 scale 1 being least violent and 10 being on the brink. Clines quotes the principal of Reynoldsburg high school as saying â€Å"columbine forever changed things for all of us,† this threat of violence at school is now a â€Å"very real† threat and parents want to see something done about it. But also parents don’t want their children being labeled as clines quotes a parent in the Reynoldsburg school district as saying â€Å"It sounds ok as long as you don’t start labeling kids†¦There’s kind of scary stuff out there†¦but there can be a fine line between a kid out to get attention and a really troubled kid.† Her concerns are true but they would not be using this for every kid in school it would be used primarily as an aid to school officials on cases that kids had made t hreats or had brought weapons to school so they say. The Ohio chapter of the A.C.L.U. is quoted calling it a â€Å"technological band-aid.† But as I feel and Francis clines says that it would not be the answer but it would be and aid to school officials in circumstances of high danger. As Clines quotes Betty Montgomery the Ohio attorney general as saying â€Å"It brings together the shared experiences of many experts plus an evaluative piece.† â€Å"The Mos... Free Essays on Mosaic-2000 Free Essays on Mosaic-2000 â€Å"Computer Project Seeks to Avert Youth Violence† Ever since the columbine high school shooting in Littleton, Colorado there has been hysteria of sorts. People are so worried about drugs and weapons in school. For this reason â€Å"the federal bureau of Alcohol, tobacco and firearms is working with an outside threat evaluation company to put together a computer program to help school officials spot troubled students who might be on the brink of violence.† this is the basis to Francis X. Clines essay â€Å"computer project seeks to avert youth violence† The computer program that had been being developed is called the â€Å"Mosaic-2000†. The program he states will rate potentially violent students on a 1-10 scale 1 being least violent and 10 being on the brink. Clines quotes the principal of Reynoldsburg high school as saying â€Å"columbine forever changed things for all of us,† this threat of violence at school is now a â€Å"very real† threat and parents want to see something done about it. But also parents don’t want their children being labeled as clines quotes a parent in the Reynoldsburg school district as saying â€Å"It sounds ok as long as you don’t start labeling kids†¦There’s kind of scary stuff out there†¦but there can be a fine line between a kid out to get attention and a really troubled kid.† Her concerns are true but they would not be using this for every kid in school it would be used primarily as an aid to school officials on cases that kids had made t hreats or had brought weapons to school so they say. The Ohio chapter of the A.C.L.U. is quoted calling it a â€Å"technological band-aid.† But as I feel and Francis clines says that it would not be the answer but it would be and aid to school officials in circumstances of high danger. As Clines quotes Betty Montgomery the Ohio attorney general as saying â€Å"It brings together the shared experiences of many experts plus an evaluative piece.† â€Å"The Mos...

For the US Gov. Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

For the US Gov. Exam - Essay Example g laws, can neither of them consist with the ends of society and government, which men would not quit the freedom of the state of nature for, and tie themselves up under, were it not to preserve their lives, liberties and fortunes; and by stated rules of right and property to secure their peace and quiet.† Thomas Paine (1997, 6), another figure whose influence on early American thinkers cannot be understated, warned in his pamphlet Common Sense â€Å"the king is not to be trusted without being looked after, or in other words, a thirst for absolute power is the natural disease of the monarchy.† With anti-monarchist influences like Locke and Paine, it’s not wonders that the architects of the American constitution constructed a political system that significantly limited the powers of the executive branch and instituted a number of difficult-to-navigate checks and balances. Much debate surrounded the exact role of the President during the early constitutional debates that followed the American Revolution. However, it was universally agreed upon that a strong separation of powers was needed. Much of the debate surrounded exactly how powerful, or how weak, the executive branch, headed by the President, was to be. The founders of the American constitution agreed (MacDonald, 1994, 126) â€Å"that safety and ordered liberty cannot exist without competent government and that government without an executive authority is no government at all.† Ultimately, the founders agreed on a concept that would create a natural and permanent tension between the President, the chief executive, and the members of Congress who were responsible for the legislation of the nation’s laws. They did this be ensuring that the new constitution contained (Thach, 1969, 70)â€Å"no constitutional legal barrier which Congress could not at pleasure cross.† This intuit ional strength that the founders granted Congress would significantly diminish the powers of the American executive, especially when

Management a la Google by Gary Hamel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Management a la Google by Gary Hamel - Essay Example Secondly, the company maintains a networked organizational structure rather than a hierarchical one, thereby ensuring that ideas which are generated compete on the basis of merit rather than hierarchical authority. Thirdly, Google management allows its executive to develop 20% of their working time for any project they choose as opposed to being restricted to working with ongoing projects only. This ensures that new ideas and projects are concurrently being developed, which is equivalent to Google’s seed corn for the future. (Hamel, 2006). Fourthly, Google is committed to ensuring that only the best brains become part of the Google team. The reasoning is that the entry of mediocre employees will produce a corresponding decline in the quality of the work that is produced for the Company. Hamel offers the opinion that Google management appears to be pursuing a well-honed strategy that is likely to yield benefits in the future and help the company to avoid many of the traditional pitfalls that afflict other Companies. Google’s strategic focus on innovation and the development of new software and technology is likely to help the Company to sustain a competitive edge rather than becoming stagnant and resting on its laurels as other companies tend to do. By ensuring that ongoing projects are not given so much value that not enough provision is made for the future, Google is ensuring that new seeds are being continuously planted, which could yield future benefits for the Company. The Company’s loose, networked structure is also likely to be an advantage in ensuring that decisions are made fast and with the minimum of bureaucracy so that the Company continues to function in an efficient manner, giving precedence to the merit of new ideas over hierarchical power structures and authority. Its elitist stand in hiring only A-level executives and keeping out mediocre.

What is security Why network security is important Coursework

What is security Why network security is important - Coursework Example Although there are thousands of definition available on the Internet related to security.The definition available on ‘www.businessdictionary.com’ covers the basics and states it as â€Å"Prevention of and protection against assault, damage, fire, fraud, invasion of privacy, theft, unlawful entry, and other such occurrences caused by deliberate action†. In the context of network security definition, it consists of concerns related to network communication privacy, confidentiality of data over the network, accessing unauthorized classified data, access to prohibited network domains and utilizing Internet for concealed communication (Network Security. 2007) It is the twentieth century where improved communication technologies are inventing one after another. Internet has become a powerful and interactive carrier providing extensive activities and web services. Organizations expand their resources with the help of Internet. Websites are created, for informational purp oses, advertisement, online shopping etc. In the modernized countries, Internet is utilized for education, electronic shopping, blogs, social networking and information. Even today, where every technology interrelated to Information technology involves the dot com phenomenon; Internet is relatively an evolving field which is persistently changing. The widespread use of computing technology has facilitated small, medium and corporate organizations to achieve goals in an efficient way. The revolution of Information Technology has created new trends of doing business and communication. Moreover, the technology has provided a new approach of operating businesses during the past several years, and continues to provide many benefits as it spreads all over the globe. However, with its widespread adoption, threats and vulnerabilities are also rising. Organizations spent enormous funds to secure their data and network environment. Moreover, hardware security modules taken into consideration for securing highly classified data. However, these modules require frequent updates for virus definitions and new threats, which may affect the network anytime. Every now and then, new threats are designed and developed by hackers or cyber criminals. In spite of securing the networks and data centers, with the most updated and advanced security modules, there is still a probability of a new threat to intrude into the network. In addition, hackers and cyber criminals are exploring efficient codes day by day to improve the hacking software, in order to breach in to classified information, banks, online websites etc. As the threats and vulnerabilities are infinite, no one can memorize them in order to take a measured approach, the initial step is to identify the vulnerability type. An organization named as CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposure) provides a database to search for a particular public known vulnerability. The sponsors for CVE are US-CERT and managed by MITRE Corporatio n. The goal is to provide common names for all publicly known security threats and exposures. In order to extract information from CVE, access of National Vulnerability Database is mandatory (NVD) (Cve. 2011). Why Network Security is Important This is an era of digital connectivity along with digitized attack of hackers, cyber criminals, electronic eaves dropping and online fraud. Moreover, there is no room for risk and threats in a computing network where thousands of online transactions are in process. The volatile expansion of computer systems and the interconnectivity of these devices via a network have significantly amplified the dependence of organizations on the information systems. Moreover, due to vast dependency of organization on information systems, security and protection of these systems has become a mandatory factor. Furthermore, by considering these factors, the network security is triggered, in terms of protecting data and resources from revelation to ensure the aut henticity of digital transmission. The functionality of the network depends on the

Conversational Valence and Binge Drinking Relationship

Conversational Valence and Binge Drinking Relationship Results Manipulation check First, a manipulation check was conducted in order to check if the different conditions (valence and activeness) led to the intended positive/negative and active/passive responses, respectively. For this purpose, univariate analyses of variance (ANOVAS) were conducted with valence conditions as independent and valence as dependent variables. The results revealed a statistically significant effect of valence condition on the participants’ valence F(1,129): 80.94, p=.000, (M=3.80, SD=1.41) and on the partner’s valence F(1,129): 61.09, p=.000, (M=3.93, SD=1.50). Furthermore, the results revealed a statistically significant effect of the participants’ activeness condition on the level of activeness F(1,129): 41.73, p=.000, (M=4.47, SD=1.53) and a marginally significant effect of the partners’ activeness F(1,129): 3.76, p=.055, (M=5.09, SD=1.25). Additionally, we examined the extent to which participants followed the instructions and responded to the assigned role. For this reason, we conducted a crosstabulation check, which indicated that the 63.6% of the individuals assigned to the negative condition, perceived the conversation as negative whereas 33.3% as neither negative nor positive and 3.0% as positive. Also, 53.8% of the individuals in the positive condition perceived the conversation as positive, whereas 30.8% and 15.4% of the participants perceived the conversation as neither negative nor positive, and negative, respectively. Moreover, 52.9% of the individuals in the passive condition perceived that they have spoken passively. However, the majority (84.1%) of the individuals assigned to the active condition perceived that they have spoken as instructed.[1] The effect of conversational valence on binge drinking determinants To investigate H1 (i.e. whether conversational valence influenced attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and intention towards binge drinking) four univariate Analyses of Variance (ANOVAs) were conducted with conversational valence condition as the independent variable and attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and intention as the dependent variables. The results indicated a significant main effect of valence on attitude F(1,129): 8.53, p=.004, which means that participants with positive conversational valence about alcohol received higher binge drinking attitude (M=3.85, SD=1.32) than those with negative (M=3.20, SD=1.23). Similarly, a significant main effect of valence on perceived behavioral control F(1,129): 4.82, p=.030 was indicated, revealing that those in who were engaged in positively valence conversation had higher perceived behavioral control (M=4.48, SD=1.90) than those in negatively valence conversation (M=3.75, SD=1.93). Furthermore, a marginally significant main effect on subjective norm F(1,129): 3.25, p=.074, was revealed. This means that participants with positive conversational valence had higher subjective norm (M=3.61, SD =1.62) than those with negative (M=3.09, SD=1.70). However, a non-significant main effect on intention F(1,129): 0.08, p=.782. was found, and the binge drinking intention did not differ significantly across the two valence conditions (M=2.48, SD=1.51 and M=2.40, SD=1.70 respectively). As it is revealed, positive conversational valence about alcohol elicits more positive binge drinking attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control compared to negative conversational valence. Moreover, more positive binge drinking intention is indicated in positively valenced conversations, although the difference is not statistically significant. Therefore, according to these results, H1 was largely supported. Furthermore, according to previous research, four linear regression analyses with conversational valence as the predictor and attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control and intention as the dependent variables were conducted in order to explore if the conversational valence predicts the binge drinking determinants. The results are presented in Table 1. A more negative conversational valence about alcohol significantly predicts more negative attitude (ÃŽ ²=.25, p=.004) and perceived behavioral control (ÃŽ ²=.02, p=.030) toward binge drinking. Also, a more negative conversational valence about alcohol marginally significantly predicts more negative subjective norm towards binge drinking (ÃŽ ²=.16, p=.074). However, binge drinking intention is not significantly predicted by the conversational valence (ÃŽ ²=.02, p=.782). Table 1: Relationships between conversational valence and attitude, subjective norm perceived behavioral control, and intention The effect of activeness and conversational valence on alcohol determinants In order to explore the effect of activeness on attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control and intentions as well as the interaction between activeness and conversational valence, four univariate ANOVAs were conducted with conversational valence and activeness as the independent variables, and attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and intention as the dependent variables. The results revealed a non significant effect (p F(1,127): .69, p=.409, perceived behavioral control F(1,127): .69, p=.409, subjective norm F(1,127):1.08, p=.301, and intentions F(1,127): 1.28, p=.260. Additionally, the results revealed a non-significant interaction effect between valence and activeness (attitude F(1,127): 1.44, p=.233, perceived behavioral control F(1,127): 1.38, p=.537, subjective norm F(1,127):1.00, p=.319 and intention F(1,127): .40, p=.527). The result scores of the key variables of the study can be found in Figure 1. Figure 1: Mean scores of binge drinking determinants across valence and activeness conditions Concluding, our results indicate that whereas conversational valence significantly influences binge drinking determinants (attitude, perceived control, subjective norm), the level of active participation in a conversation had no significant effect on these factors. Discussion The main objective of the study was to provide a profound understanding of the influence of interpersonal communication on alcohol determinants, by manipulating two different facets: conversational valence and level of active participation in the conversation. We first hypothesized that a more positive (negative) conversational valence about alcohol elicits more positive (negative) binge drinking attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control and increases (decreases) binge drinking intention (Hypothesis 1). An additional hypothesis was that the influence of conversational valence depends on the level of active participation in the conversation about alcohol (Hypothesis 2). The results of the study partly supported H1, but not H2. Two important conclusions can be drawn based on our results. First, when participants speak positively (negatively) about alcohol, their attitude, behavioral control, subjective norm towards binge drinking are more positive (negative). However, the intention to (refrain from) binge drinking is not significantly influenced by the conversational valence. Second, there is neither significant effect of the level of activeness in the conversation on alcohol determinants, nor a significant interaction effect of the activeness with the conversational valence. The first main conclusion conceptually replicates previous results, which proposed that the conversational valence in alcohol-related discussions influences the binge drinking determinants (e.g. Hendriks et al. 2012). Nevertheless, the results of the current study do not indicate a significant influence of the conversational valence on the intention to binge drink. Although, the concept of conversational valence has also been addressed in previous research (e.g. Hendriks, De Bruijn, Van den Putte, 2012; Hendriks et al., 2012), this study was the first to examine this factor by manipulating it. Thus, the discrepancy between the current study and previous research may be due to differences in research designs. As the conversational valence was experimentally manipulated in this study, it is assumed that conversational valence causally provokes changes in binge drinking predictors. However, the fact that participants are instructed to speak in either a positive or a negative way about alcohol, may be opposed to their actual views (negative/positive) and role (passive/active) in a conversation resulting in a non significant effect of the conversation in their binge drinking intention. Therefore, although an instructed conversation may be effective in influencing attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control, it is not sufficient and may take a longer time to change the participants’ intention to binge-drink. Additionally, according to previous studies (Jamison and Myers, 2008) the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) was relatively weak in explaining intention to binge-drink. Also, it was found (Armitage Conner, 2001) that the TPB accounted for only 39% of variance in the intention to binge drink. Thus, as Gibbond, Houlihan Gerrard, 2009) supported, the TPB cannot thoroughly define the irrational nature of health risk behaviours. An additional finding is that participants reported a high level of perceived behavioural control (PBC) in all the four conditions and showed the largest differences between the valence and between the activeness conditions. Notably, as Norman, Bennettand Lewis (1998) supported, the control factor is the most important determinant in binge drinking. Moreover, as previous research suggested, perceived behavioural control and subjective norm may affect intention indirectly through attitude formation (Susanto Goodwin, 2013; Chung et al., 2012; Tarkiainen Sundqvist, 2005). †¦.As in other studies in the domain of binge-drinking (Johnston et al., 2003), in our research we employed single construct measures of general perceived behavioral control (we do not distinguish between self-efficacy and perceived controllability), which tap the extent to which behavioral performance is believed to be easy or difficult (Armitage Corner, 2001). Admittedly, research revealed that only self-efficacy predicts binge-drinking intention (Norman, 2011; Normal et al., 2007). Further research distinguishing these two components of perceived behavioral control is therefore required. We suggest one reason for the non-significant influence of perceived behavioural control on intention to binge drink In addition, the second goal of this study was to introduce a new factor that may influence the effect of interpersonal communication about alcohol on binge drinking determinants. For this purpose, we investigated how the level of activeness in a conversation (active vs. passive) influences binge drinking predictors and how this interacts with the effect of conversational valence in conversations about alcohol. In order to investigate this we instructed participants to speak either actively or passively in positively or negatively valenced alcohol conversations. This factor has not been explicitly explored in the past, thus this research provides preliminary evidence on this topic. Although no significant main effect of activeness on alcohol determinants was found in the analyses, positive valence and high activeness in the conversation result in the most unhealthy alcohol determinants (attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, intention), as predicted. Respectively, negative valence and high activeness result in the most healthy alcohol attitude. Overall, despite encouraging results from the manipulation checks, the hypotheses were partly (H1) or not supported (H2). In fact, further exploration of the manipulation outcome revealed significant deviations from the instructed valence and activeness conditions, thus a great percentage of participants demonstrated either that they have not complied with the manipulation or that they unconsciously deviated from the instructions. On the one hand, it may be possible that some participants were affected by their existed views when discussing about alcohol and resisted to the counter-attitudinal message such that they did not talk in line with the condition that they were assigned to. One the other hand, people may have perceived the valence that they have talked differently comparatively to how they did actually talk. As recent research suggested, ( Hendriks, Van de Putte de Bruijn, 2015) perceived valence significantly influences attitudes and intention to binge drink. Similarly, personal characteristics (talkative/ concise) of people may intervene in the way that they finally act during the discussion. In particular, as the analyses demonstrated, only 52,9 of the participants who were instructed to talk passively, perceived their role in the conversation as passive. Generally, extroverts who want to talk more, perhaps they didn’t support the instructed passive role hence the difference between the two conditions hasn’t influenced significantly the alcohol determinants itself, nor interacted with the valence condition to †¦ Markedly, there wasn’t an effective way to take into consideration the partners’ evaluations during the main analyses, rendering some items partly ineffective to objectively evaluate the content of conversations about alcohol. Nonetheless, according to the shared reality theory (Hardin Higgins, 1996), there is an interdependence between dyad partners’ responses on the outcomes of interest that may also influence the attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control and intention toward binge drinking. As this theory suggests, through the process of interpersonal communication, discoursers come to a shared understanding of the world, mutually reinforcing one another’s experience. Nevertheless, in real –life settings, these determinants may influence how negatively or positively people talk about alcohol-related topics, thus conversational valence and activeness can influence the determinants of binge drinking behavior, and these binge drinking determinants may inversely influence whether and how positively/negatively or actively/passively people discuss this issue. Implications The present findings have important implications for understanding binge-drinking and developing health interventions. we found support for the effect of conversational valence on attitudes, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control. Therefore, in future health campaigns, targeted in creating more negative attitudes, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control (but not intention) to binge drink, an effective strategy to use would be to stimulate people to discuss negatively about alcohol. To change attitudes towards binge drinking, interventions should highlight the negative consequences associated with binge drinking and challenge the perceived positive consequences of binge drinking. Alternatively But if it was the change of intention/behavior= another campaign planning would be needed Limitations This study adds to a growing body of research examining factors predicting binge drinking among student populations, however, there is a number of methodological issues that should be considered when interpreting the results. First, binge drinking attitudes, subjective norm and PBC were measured using self-reports, which are vulnerable to cognitive (e.g., Luchins, 1957), affective (e.g., Bower, 1992) and self-presentational (e.g., Paulhus, 2002) biases. Armitage and Conner (2001) reported that the TPB provides stronger predictions of self-report behaviors than observed behaviors. Therefore employing alternative observational techniques (e.g. nominated peers) may be useful in revealing the qualities of the drinking environment that directly influence binge drinking (Van de Goor et al.,1990) although these also have their own limitations (Gill, 2002) Another limitation is as other studies using the TPB to understand student binge drinking behavior, they have not examined beliefs about drinking alcohol. Given that according to Ajzen (1991), beliefs are the ultimate psychological determinants of behavior one needs to alter those beliefs (Ajzen, 2007) in order to bring about change in behaviour, or at least intentions to perform a behaviour, Thus, to design interventions to alter intentions to binge drink in students, one needs to know not only what are the salient beliefs regarding this behaviour in this population, but also which beliefs are associated with intentions and behaviour (Sutton, 2002; Sutton, 2010). -Manipulation of activeness Our sample included English-speaking students with different cultures, thus different perception of (binge) drinking. Interestingly, research has shown that the society’s culture of alcohol determines how much people drink in that community (Heath, 1982).Communities with a culture of drinking have much higher rates of binge drinking, while communities where drinking is disapproved have lower binge drinking rates Conclusion Considering the prevalence of binge drinking as well as the damaging consequences especially in young people we conducted this research in the context of alcohol in student populations. This research highlights the need to broaden the context in which conversations about alcohol are examined. More effective measurement tools in research about alcohol, coupled with improvements in alcohol prevention, will hopefully lead to a downward trend of alcohol use among students and the negative consequences of binge drinking . Therefore, when participants were instructed to discuss about alcohol in either positive or negative aspect, their attitude, subjective norm and behavioral control were influenced by the conversational content whereas intention to refrain from binge drinking was not significantly affected by the conversation [1] A univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to check whether the active condition influenced feelings of power. The results indicated a marginally significant effect of activeness on mean power F(1,129): 3.22, p=.07. Thus, participants who were assigned in the active condition have experienced feelings of power M=5.29, SD=0.69 more in comparison to those who had been assigned to the passive condition (M=5.04, SD=.92). However, no statistically significant effect of valence on mean power was revealed F(1,129): .001, p=.971.

overpopulation a problem? Essay -- essays research papers

Is Overpopulation a Serious Problem?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This question seems to be question that is asked quite frequently lately. In the last two centuries, population has skyrocketed. In 1800 the world population was only at 1 billion, and today it’s estimated that the world population exceeds six billion people. With overpopulation, many problems have arisen. Some believe that overpopulation is the reason for world hunger, global population will reach crisis proportions by 2050, and some believe that overpopulation will bring the extinction of the human race. When one looks at the arguments that these people present, its quite overwhelming the amount of evidence that’s supports their argument. On the other side, the evidence for the opposing arguments is quite staggering as well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this paper I will give a brief description on two opposing arguments dealing with the issues of overpopulation and the effects that it may, or may not have on the present as well as the future. The two articles that I have chosen to analyze are â€Å"Overpopulation Is a Serious Problem† written by Thomas Robert Malthus, and â€Å"Overpopulation Is a Myth† by Frederick Engels. The titles of the articles are pretty self explanatory on the side that they take on this issue.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To begin with, Thomas Malthus wrote one of the most famous works on population, An Essay on the Principle of Population. He is a man who sticks to his values, and does what he preaches. He wants nothing more than to see the betterment of man, but he feels that it’s a long road with unconquerable difficulties to achieve this. Malthus states that this overpopulation is a huge problem that most people seem to â€Å"purposely shut their eyes to such problems†. A good metaphor that he uses about this is that if he were to offer a man a glass of wine repeatedly, and that man were to take no notice to it what-so-ever, he would think that man to be blind, or uncivilized. In his article, Overpopulation Is a Serious Problem, he states the many things that cause overpopulation. He states two postulates in his article about mankind. The first is that food is necessary for man. Without food man could not exist. Second he states that attraction and the passion bet ween the genders is a must, and will continue and will quite closely remain in its present state.  ... ...it absurd that the Malthusian theory states that we should let those in poverty die out, to balance out the population. Engels states that under the Malthusian theory that the poor consist to the surplus of the population should simply be left to die off, and that nothing should be done to them and that their lives cannot get it altered.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Engels has a great hatred for the Malthusian theory. â€Å"And it is precisely this theory which is the conerstone of the liberal system of free trade, whose fall will bringteh whole edifice down with it.†* He states that competition is the cause of misery, poverty and crime. He goes further to explain that Malthus had taken a one sided view. He did not pay attention to the fact that surplus population is always bound with surplus wealth, surplus landed property, and surplus capital. â€Å"Population is too great only when productive power in general is too great.†* This is proven in every overpopulated country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From what I have learned trough class and life I firmly believe in what Thomas Malthus point of view. I believe that overpopulation is a huge problem that we need to take a closer look at.

Violence in America: Guns under Fire Essay

Guns are used for protection against mayhem when the unexpected happens. As the citizens of the United States of America, the amendments are there to protect the freedom of the people. The second amendment protects the right of each individual to keep, and bear arms, and to defend our property, and most importantly ourselves. In James Q. Wilson’s New York Times article, â€Å"Just Take Away Their Guns,† Wilson argues that restraining people from legally purchasing firearms do not have any effect on the illegal use of guns, and reducing the amount of people who are illegally carrying one. He adequately reasons how the eradication of illegal guns on the streets should be the main focus regarding toughening American gun control regulations, which are the most frequently debated topic in America. Wilson claims that frisks and stops will eliminate illegal guns, and not multiplying the forms one fills to purchase a gun. James Q. Wilson targeted legally gun owners as his audie nce, uses logos and ethos to his rhetorical approach, and an effective, but could have had an overall stronger argument. Law abiding citizens such as legally gun owners are the intended audience in his topic, because of the, â€Å"legal restraints on the lawful purchase of guns† (p.124). To eliminate illegal use of guns there must a compromise between the government, and the citizens of rightfully legal gun owners. Toughening gun control legislation will have little effect on the illegal use of guns, which essentially decrease the amount of citizens buying guns. Wilson claims that roughly 200 million guns are owned by law abiding citizens, although, these guns are not the ones that are generally used for illegal and unlawful acts. Illegal uses of guns are usually obtainable through stolen, borrowed, or privately purchased that are used for gang related activities, burglaries, and or violent crimes. Wilson then makes a point that an increase in gun control regulations would take a big hit on none other than those law abiding citizens. The main purpose of owning these guns is for self-defense and to protect their loved ones, and properties. Collins Professor of Management and Public Policy at the University of California, James Q Wilson noted that, â€Å"Many cities suffer from a shortage of officers† is the exact reason why the citizens of the United States of America cannot reply on the government officials, such as the law enforcement to protect  the people, and their properties (p.125). Even if the gun control legislation successfully reduce the amount of lawful citizens to own guns. How will the government reduce the amount of people who are illegally owning guns in the present as well as the future? Wilson stated in his story that, â€Å"The average police officer will make no weapons arrests and confiscate no guns during any given year† Which will result in more illegal guns out on the streets than the law abiding citizens with registered guns (p.125). That will definitely strikes fear into the people’s mind knowing they can’t protect themselves, and quite frankly, not enough police officers to protect each, and every individual people in America at any given point of time. Law abiding guns owners are the intended target audience because Wilson’s claim is â€Å"legal restraints on the lawful purchase of guns will have little effect on the illegal use of guns† (p.124). James Q. Wilson strengthens his argument through the use ethos and logos to elaborate and emphasizes his thesis and claims of â€Å"Our goal should not be the disarming of law-abiding citizens. It should be to reduce the number of people who carry guns unlawfully, especially in places- on streets, in taverns- . . . â€Å"(p.124). The use of ethos helps Wilson to reinforce his claims and establishes credibility in his essay by using the fourth amendment of the constitution, Mark Moore, who is a professor of public policy at Harvard University, Gary Kleck, who is a criminologist at Florida State University, and The National Rifle Association to back up his argument. The use of ethos is effective in this essay for this topic, because the topic requires valid examples, statements, and statistics to anchor Wilson’s claims of gun control legislation, and the reduction of illegal guns on the streets. James Q. Wilson points out; â€Å"The Fourth Amendment to the constitution bans à ¢â‚¬Ëœunreasonable searches and seizure.’†(p.125). The amendment caused, â€Å"ample law-enforcement personnel worry about having their cases thrown out for constitutional reasons or being accused of police harassment† which results in shortage of police officers throughout cities in America (p.125). Harvard University is one of the top colleges in America, and with Mark Moore, a professor of public policy at Harvard University stated, â€Å"found that most weapons arrests were made because of a citizen complained, not because the police were out  looking for gun.†(p.125). Wilson uses a professor from Harvard University is an exponential clever way of supporting his claim for the gun control legislation, and making his argument even more effective. Gary Kleck is a credible guy, because of his career as a criminologist at Florida State University, and he, â€Å"has estimated that every year, guns are used- that is, displayed or fired- for defensive purposes more than a million times, not counting their use by the poli ce†(p.124). This statement by Gary Kleck supported Wilson’s examples of guns that are used to defend ourselves, and our properties, and as well as the law enforcement usage of guns to protect the country. Finally, Wilson uses a quote from The National Rifle Association and its allies that, â€Å"’guns don’t kill people, people kill people’† to emphasize the importance of, â€Å"urge the government to punish more severely people who use guns to commit crimes† instead of worrying too much about how to ban guns from law abiding citizens (p.126). James Q. Wilson uses logos for logical argument about gun control legislation, and its restraint on guns purchase that fails to have great effect on the illegal use of guns. Most people would argued that less guns mean less violence, but what they don’t know is that most crimes committed by guns are illegal that was stolen, borrowed, or bought from the black market. Wilson uses logos in his essay with organized structure along with a clear and concise thesis created an effective argument that is easily understood and followed by his target audience that generated a well-planned essay. Wilson backed up his argument by giving facts such as, â€Å"In 1992 the police arrested about 240,000 people for illegally possessing or carry weapon. â€Å"This is only about one-fourth as many as were arrested for public drunkenness† (p.125). That number is considered low if it is divided by every state in America. Considering these illegal gun holders are protected under the fourth amendment of unreasonable searches and seizures, which most of them probably got away with. â€Å"The reasonable –suspicion test is much less stringent than the probable cause standard the police must meet in order to make an arrest . . . more than just a hunch; it must be supported with facts include someone acting in a way that leads an experienced officer to conclude criminal activity . . . someone fleeing at the approach . . . a person who fits a drug courier profile; a motorist stopped for a traffic  violation who has a suspicious bulge in his pocket . . . Supreme Court has also upheld frisking people on probation or parole† (125). A criminal who know how to use the law to their advantage could potentially get away for their crimes and wrongdoings, and it puts the people in danger by knowing these illegal gun users might n ot go to jail, but set freed on parole and/or probation. Wilson used logos to rationalize appeal to the reader by stating facts and statistics to prove his claim and blended it with ethos to establish credibility for his argument. James Q. Wilson effectively presents his argument in a persuasive approach that uses different techniques such as ethos, logos, and organization. Wilson makes his ideas easy to follow by making the flow more sinuous which results in the contribution of the cohesiveness of his overall argument. The structure is clearly well planned and constructed that consisted of claims followed by statistics, counterclaims, and rebuttals. Even though Wilson made his argument effective, he concluded his counterclaim with frisks and stops made by police officers by patting down individual that seems suspicious. â€Å"Innocent people will be stopped. Young black and Hispanic men will probably be stopped more often than older while Anglo males or women of any race† (p.127) However, When Wilson made this point; he alludes to the idea of racial profiling, and he loses credibility by such reasoning. James Q. Wilson argument in this essay presents claims that were debatable in an informative way, and his thesis suggested solutions to the central problem regarding gun control legislation, and its legal restraints on lawful purchase of guns. Through the use of many techniques, Wilson created a well-organized and effective argument. However, had he addressed the issue of racial profiling with evidence, then he could have had an improved and sturdier effective argument. Works Cited Wilson, James Q. â€Å"Just Take Away Their Guns.† Current Issues and Enduring Questions. By Sylvan Barnet and Hugo Bedau. 9th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2011. 124-27. Print.

Waxing Judgmental about Judgement

Waxing Judgmental about Judgement Waxing Judgmental about Judgement Waxing Judgmental about Judgement By Maeve Maddox A reader commenting on my post about the difference between discreet and discrete was shocked by the spelling judgement in my definition of discreet (â€Å"Showing discernment or judgement in the guidance of one’s own speech and action†): Maeve, where did you find that definition of discreet â€Å"Judgment† is misspelled! For that reader, spelling the word with an â€Å"e† creates a misspelling. Other readers, commenting on other posts, objected to my use of judgment without the â€Å"e†: The verb change keeps its [e] here to indicate that the [g] is soft, not hard. (That is also why judgement is the correct spelling of this word, no matter what anyone says.) and There isn’t a single instance in English that I can think of with a root word ending in â€Å"g† where â€Å"g† has the â€Å"j† sound. The final â€Å"e† is used to cue in the reader to the correct pronunciation of the soft â€Å"g† sound. Therefore, â€Å"judgment† according to the rules of English phonics would be â€Å"jud-GUH-ment†. Clearly WRONG!!So I’ll continue to engage in pointless arguments with those who quibble with my CORRECT spelling of the word. Strong feelings, these. Like â€Å"could care less† and statements like â€Å"my head literally exploded,† the â€Å"judgment vs judgement† issue evokes passion in many English speakers. The first reader was correct to fault me on spelling judgment as judgement, not because judgement is a â€Å"misspelling,† but because I write these posts in standard American English and spelling judgment with an â€Å"e† is contrary to American spelling convention. The other two readers do not indicate what standard dialect they speak. I’m guessing that they are American speakers because they resort to the argument about the â€Å"e† being necessary to the correct pronunciation of the word. British speakers would probably defend the judgement spelling simply on the grounds that it is the preferred British spelling. The suggestion that the spelling judgment would â€Å"according to the rules of English phonics† produce the rendering â€Å"jud-GUH-ment† is preposterous. The word is formed by adding a suffix to the root word: judge+ment. Unlike the â€Å"e† we use to maintain the /j/ sound in words like rage, Marge, and usage, the â€Å"e† in judge is not necessary to signal a /j/ pronunciation. The letter combination dge is a phonogram in its own right, used to represent the /j/ sound. Dropping the â€Å"e† from it is not common, but I cannot imagine that any native speaker would attempt to pronounce dg as anything but /j/. Changeable does need the â€Å"e† to soften the â€Å"g†; judgment, abridgment, and lodgment do not. Look up judgement and lodgement in the OED and you will find the the spellings judgment and lodgment dignified as alternative spellings. (Abridgement is the only spelling given for that word.) According to the OED, [Judgement] is found in spellings with -dgm- from the early 16th century, and by the late 17th century judgment had become the prevailing spelling, although judgement was still commonly found. Kersey (1702) is an unusually early example of a dictionary in which the headword form was given as judgement . During the 19th century the form judgement gained in frequency in British contexts, and is now the usual spelling in general British use, but judgment has remained the standard spelling in British legal contexts when used to refer to a judicial decision, as well as in U.S. usage. In sum, there’s no reason American speakers can’t choose to put an â€Å"e† in judgment if they wish, but there’s nothing historically, phonetically, or morally superior in doing so. And if they’re writing for publication, a U.S. editor would surely correct it. Related posts: Judgement or Judgment? The Difference Between â€Å"Discreet† and â€Å"Discrete† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Direct and Indirect Objects30 Baseball Idioms5 Keys to Better Sentence Flow

Free Essays on The Significance Of D-Day

The Significance of D-Day â€Å"I experienced an interesting psychological change in the few minutes before and immediately after take off. As I had climbed aboard and strapped myself into my seat I felt tense, strange and extremely nervous. It was as if I was in a fantasy dream world and thought that at any moment I would wake up from this unreality and find that I was back at the barrack room at Bulford camp, where we laughed and sang to raise our spirits- and perhaps to show others that we were not scared- personally I knew I was frightened to death. The very idea of carrying out a night time airborne landing of such a small force into the midst of the German army seemed to me to be little more than a suicide mission. Yet at the moment that the glider parted company with the ground I experienced an inexplicable change. The feeling of terror vanished and was replaced with exhilaration. I felt literally on top of the world. I remember thinking, ‘you’ve had it chum, it’s not good worrying anymore – the die has been cast and it was to be, will be, and there is nothing you can do about it.’ I sat back and enjoyed my first trip to Europe.† Yet another rifleman who was carried to the beach in the LCVP’s relates one of his incidents: â€Å"I got on the gun. I set the gun up, and we’re looking, we’re looking. He says, â€Å"See if you can spot him.† All of the sudden I spotted him, about 200 yards away, and I’d say about 30 or 40 feet higher than me. He wasn’t firing at me. He was firing down across. So when he opened up again – the Germans, when they fire, they fire fast, they don’t fire like we did, because they change the barrel of their machine guns in seconds. Ours were a pain. We had to take the whole gun apart and screw the barrel off, and then put another barrel on. They would get hot if you fired them like the Germans. We only fired bursts at three or four at a time. The Germans put their fi... Free Essays on The Significance Of D-Day Free Essays on The Significance Of D-Day The Significance of D-Day â€Å"I experienced an interesting psychological change in the few minutes before and immediately after take off. As I had climbed aboard and strapped myself into my seat I felt tense, strange and extremely nervous. It was as if I was in a fantasy dream world and thought that at any moment I would wake up from this unreality and find that I was back at the barrack room at Bulford camp, where we laughed and sang to raise our spirits- and perhaps to show others that we were not scared- personally I knew I was frightened to death. The very idea of carrying out a night time airborne landing of such a small force into the midst of the German army seemed to me to be little more than a suicide mission. Yet at the moment that the glider parted company with the ground I experienced an inexplicable change. The feeling of terror vanished and was replaced with exhilaration. I felt literally on top of the world. I remember thinking, ‘you’ve had it chum, it’s not good worrying anymore – the die has been cast and it was to be, will be, and there is nothing you can do about it.’ I sat back and enjoyed my first trip to Europe.† Yet another rifleman who was carried to the beach in the LCVP’s relates one of his incidents: â€Å"I got on the gun. I set the gun up, and we’re looking, we’re looking. He says, â€Å"See if you can spot him.† All of the sudden I spotted him, about 200 yards away, and I’d say about 30 or 40 feet higher than me. He wasn’t firing at me. He was firing down across. So when he opened up again – the Germans, when they fire, they fire fast, they don’t fire like we did, because they change the barrel of their machine guns in seconds. Ours were a pain. We had to take the whole gun apart and screw the barrel off, and then put another barrel on. They would get hot if you fired them like the Germans. We only fired bursts at three or four at a time. The Germans put their fi...

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 100

Summary - Essay Example Through censoring hostile traditional ideology was stack to the past giving room for civilization and modernization. Addie Prater Graham birth is estimated to be before 1900 in eastern Kentucky Mountains. She grew up around music and at the end of it she herself was a master in singing. Addie’s songs recorded in 1970s by her grandson Rich Kirby and Barbara Edwards, reflect as far back as the British Isles alongside others created in America as ditties, frolic songs and religious songs in line with the vintage Baptist tradition. Despite it being against the Baptist tradition to use instruments she went on to learn from a big variety of musical instruments during her childhood. The result was she grew up to become an accomplished singer with a pro quality style ornamented with Kenturcky oral tradition (Kirby, 2011:pp1-12). Addie went on to be married to Amos Graham and was blessed with three children Kirby, (2011:6). She and her family lived in Breathitt County before finally moving to Cynthiana Harrison County. In Cynthiana she ran a clothing store together with her daughter before finally resting in 1977. The recording of her first album been a long time traveling by the Appal Record Labe was the bed her recognition this is though she had been singing for very many years. Her songs have gone ahead to be recorded by others like Ginny Hawker, Mike Seeger among others

Island project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Island project - Essay Example Local government: First of all, the local government in the island nation shall be based on certain elements related to governance, like county system (type), municipal charter (form), mayor council (management), and election (leadership). Chandler (2001) states that, â€Å"A local authority, however, not only must demonstrate it uses resources efficiently but also it must have as its mission the concern to care for the economic, social and environmental well-being of their community† (p.154). To be specific, the public administration within the scenario of the island nation will be based on local form of governance. I would like to introduce county type local government because it is one of the examples for decentralized governance. The island nation will be divided into different counties, based on population. Besides, municipal charter will be the form of governance because the same will be within the jurisdiction of the proposed type of local/ decentralized government. Thi s will help the inhabitants to gain certain rights and to enjoy certain privileges within the local government. ... dership positions will be established through general elections because this is important to incorporate democratic ideas to the context of the proposed island nation. To be specific, the people will cast their votes to the candidates, strictly based on their political values. Eligible candidates will be invited to form the government, strictly based on democratic ideas. Judicial system: The judicial system in the proposed island nation will be based on judicial hierarchy. To be specific, there will be a supreme authority that controls the judicial system. But this supreme authority can be arraigned by the members, representing the lower courts. Besides, there will be a law making body elected by the citizens, apart from the government. This will keep judiciary safe from political manipulation or influence. Malleson (2007) states that, â€Å"Governments are now expected to introduce policy changes which affect the legal system on an ongoing basis† (p.2). The elected judges can not act beyond their limits because people elected them and they are answerable for their decisions. There will be lower courts in the counties and these courts will be independent within the counties. So, this decentralized model of judicial system will help the people to approach the court with ease. Besides, the judges cannot go beyond their limits because they can be kept aside by the people. On the other side, law making will not be vested upon the judicial system because it will be vested upon a different body elected by the people. Any citizen can seek help from the court because there main aim of this innovative judicial system is to solve more problems with less time. To be specific, less serious crimes will be dealt by the lower courts. This will help the people to save their valuable

FRS 5 Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

FRS 5 - Case Study Example The principle of FRS says that legal characterisation of the transaction should not be affected. The principle of the FRS 5 can be discussed through two factors. 1) Features of more complex Transactions. The link between the transactions should be created as that the commercial effect can be made out, considering the entire series. It should be ensured that with the separation of legal title, exposure of the risk inherent in the benefits can also be possible. Inclusion of the option is also necessary. There are certain transactions, those are accompanied by an option instead of commitment to the original owner or to the owner to repurchase or to the buyer to resell.2) Assessing commercial effect by considering the position of other parties. While assessing the commercial effect, it is important to consider the position of the related parties to it along with the motives of agreeing to its apparent expectation. It is important to have commercial logic to all of the related parties irr espective of whatever the substance of transaction is. Regarding the recognition of an item in the balance sheet, there are two conditions that it has to fulfil after meeting the definition of assets or liabilities. Those conditions are as follows: If there is an appropriate evidence of the benefit of future inflow or outflow along with the sufficient evidence of the existence of the item.The item should be measured by the monetary aspects.. Basically, FRS 5 has two key paragraphs which indicate the disclosure required for the complex transactions.

Communication and interpersonal interactions Essay Example for Free

Communication and interpersonal interactions Essay Explain strategies used in health and social care environments to overcome barriers to effective communication and interpersonal interactions Sometimes in health and social care, professionals find it hard to be able to communicate with patients and clients because of reasons such as disabilities. Sometimes people with certain disabilities need help and support in order to communicate with professionals effectively. People with learning difficulties may need to have a advocate with them who talks behalf of the person who may feel nervous or uncomfortable because they have learning difficulty. They may also feel confused because of the terminology that the professionals may use that the patient may not understand. There are also many types of services that help people with disabilities in order to interact effectively with the professionals such as, signers, translators, physiologists, and mentors. Some patients or clients may have different types of disabilities such as being death. People who have ear imperilment often have signers who will sign whatever is being said by the professional and to the patient who is unable to hear to be able to interact effectively with what is being said by the professional. People who are unable to speak English will have a translator with them who is someone who translates one language into another for the patient so the patient and professional is able to communicate with each other. Some patients use some forms of technologies such as hearing aids and mobile phones to be able to text and communicate. Hearing aids are made for people with hearing imperment, to be able to hear clearly by adjusting the volume to a good level to be able to help them hear clearly. Texting is also another form of communication as some people that are death may prefer communicating with professionals through text. Patients and clients may have preffered languages which may include first language, braile, makaton and sign. People that are paralised E. G. Steven Hawkins, they would use a makaton to be able to communicate which is a language programme for people who are not able to speak efficiently that patients may use to be able to communicate with professionals. Another form of preferred language may be first language, people who speak more than 1 language may prefer speaking their own language with a professional that speaks it too as they may feel that they are able to communicate better with their first language. People who are blind will use a braille which is a form of system that has alphabets of dots which can be read through touch. People with visual impairment will use a braille that needs to be provided to them by professionals to be able to communicate with them. Active listening is also another strategy that is used to interact effectively as it can show a clear understanding of what has being said. Active listening involves listening to patients and then reflecting back on what has been said to make it clear the message they have received is understood. As a individual, all patients have the right to be treated in a caring way by the service workers that they access. Health professions support patients and clients in many ways such as promoting rights, maintaining empowerment, and maintaining confidenialty. Maintain confidentiality under the act of confidentiality y is very important and MUST be maintained to all patients and clients of care and under the law. All patients and clients have the right to confidentiality meaning they have the right to access what information is being held by them, to change any inaccurate information, and to have the right to private information being locked up safely where know one can access. All health professions maintain confidentiality by storing private information about patients in a safe place, not sharing or talking about anyones information with people from outside other than colleagues. Professionals also make sure that they maintain confidentiality by giving patients and clients privacy to be able to have their own personal space. When services users access services, professionals try their best to make them feel pleased about the service so they try the best as they can to make patients feel like they are at home by maintaining empowerment. Empowerment means being able to give choices of freedom to be able to make patients feel pleased about the service and happy. All professionals are aware that everyone has individual differences such as religion, so they make sure that they provide different types of choices to people from different religions such as Muslims and also provide different types of choices according to peoples preferences.

Chinas Recent Economic Progress Economics Essay

Chinas Recent Economic Progress Economics Essay A transition economy or transitional economy is an economy which is changing from a centrally planned economy to a free market. Transition economies undergo economic liberalization, where market forces set prices rather than a central planning organization. In addition to this trade barriers are removed, there is a push to privatize state-owned businesses and resources, and a financial sector is created to facilitate macroeconomic stabilization and the movement of private capital. The process has been applied in China, the former Soviet Union and Communist bloc countries of Europe, and many third world countries and detailed work has been undertaken on its economic and social effects. The transition process is usually characterized by the changing and creating of institutions, particularly private enterprises; changes in the role of the state, thereby, the creation of fundamentally different governmental institutions and the promotion of private-owned enterprises, markets and independent financial institutions. In essence, one transition mode is the functional restructuring of state institutions from being a provider of growth to an enabler, with the private sector its engine. Another transition mode is change the way that economy grows and practice mode. The relationships between these two transition modes are micro and macro, partial and whole. Chinas Economic Transition, a Great Success During the process of economic transition over the past two decades, China has been pursuing a path of development in line with the reality of the country. As a result, Chinas GDP, on average, advanced by 9.3 percent each year from 1978 to 2000. Some Background The growth of the Chinese economy in the past few decades since economic reform in 1979 has been one of the wonders of modern economic development. China has experienced unprecedented growth in the past thirty years, with GDP rising on average of about 9.7% per year, with exceptionally strong growth between 2003-2007 averaging about 11% per year.. Indeed, China currently has the fourth largest GDP, measured in nominal US dollars, with the 2006 figure standing at US$2.68 trillion. Since the late 1970s China has moved from a closed, centrally planned system to a more market-oriented one that plays a major global role in 2010 China became the worlds largest exporter. Under the rule of Deng Xiaoping in 1979, China began the long process of transformation from a Soviet-style planned economy, where production decisions were made by the state, to one where market mechanisms would be the main driving force behind economic decisions. The National Party Congress cited a lack of economic growth and an increasing economic divide with the West and other Asian countries as the reason for the change. The changes were not to be a total abandonment of communist principles but to combine capitalist ideologies with Chinese characteristics. Reform of Economy An initial process of reform was proposed to ease the economy gently into its new guise, whereby any significant disparities between an open economy and the Chinese one would be ironed out. Key to this was expansion and liberalisation of the export program, development of major infrastructure, generation of power, and utilisation of raw materials. The significant problem of food shortages for the sizeable and ever increasing population was one of the first to be addressed. Farmers were given incentives to increase production levels whilst at the same time lowering the costs of production, a scheme which had the effect of greatly increasing food supplies. The authorities believed that the success of this initial trial period in isolated areas warranted a nationwide implementation and so it became; almost the entirety of the countrys farm system was governed by this method come the mid-1980s. The free market mechanism was deepened and led to further increases in production and demand, fuelling farm incomes. One particularly important development was the new freedom given to company leaders. Although inherent production and decision making differences between agriculture and industry prevented a similar success story to that in agriculture taking place, there were significant gains to be made. Rather than being put in a proverbial managerial straightjacket, business managers were given more freedom to set production targets as well as experimenting with incentive techniques to boost productivity amongst workers. The source of funds for investment was also shifted from zero interest government loans, which did not have to be repaid thus giving no incentives to generate profit. In addition, to make use of the countrys considerable workforce the government proposed the idea of creating firms which would be collectively owned by workers so that their income would be based on how well the firm performed, again providing an incentive to raise productivity. This also had the knock-on effect of boosting certain sectors the government wished to promote, by allocating these workers to the appropriate areas. The creation of more independent and market oriented firms meant the appearance of a burgeoning domestic consumer market, with citizens being given a consumption choice that they had never had before. The central government actively encouraged the delegation of production decisions to the market, in spite of underhand measures by local authorities to disproportionately tax private sellers, and the private system expanded to levels where they rivalled their state owned counterparts by the mid-1980s. Chinas Recent Economic Progress China has started her economic reforms for about 20 yrs and is progressing so well that not unsurprisingly it draws the envy of many countries Chinas economy developed at an unprecedented rate, and that momentum has been held steady into the 21st century. It was only after the liberalization reforms and a cultural counter-revolution in the late 1970s (under Deng Xiaoping initially), that China made appreciable progress. Massive external (manufacturing) investment was first attracted based on education and cheap skilled labour, while equally massive internal investment has more recently been mobilized in modern infrastructure and urban (including consumer) facilities especially in major cities. Despite Chinas intense population pressure, there was no shortage of land as traditional uses were simply demolished to make way and existing residents apparently compensated with an apartment and better job prospects. A key feature of Chinas rapid growth is seen to have been its ability to reform its economy very quickly to become more efficient . Techniques that encourage and support policy initiative within hierarchies have been developed. In Chinas recent progress it is possible to see lessons learned from (a) Singapores experience in building a modern Chinese city with foreign investment (b) Japans neo-Confucian industry policy methods and disregard of Western financial disciplines (c) the Nationalist Partys preferred cultural alternative to Maos version of Communism and (d) Taiwans adoption of some US techniques.   China seems to be attempting to implement a system of socio-political economy that has been little studied and probably cant be understood in terms of Western analogies or cultural assumptions (for reasons like those outlined in Structural Obstacles). The short-term result has been an unprecedented and impressive rate and magnitude of gains in Chinas real economy and a perception that it has excellent future prospects even recognizing that it suffers structural defects. Moreover some analysts have recently seen China as a safe haven for investors concerns about a US asset bubble, and the structural problems facing Japan and Europe . It is also argued that that China is playing, and will continue to play, a key role in promoting regional and global collaboration .   It is seen to be challenging Japans status in Asia, and to be the only country able to sustain a view of the world which is different to that of the US. China has also been seen as a rising power that will force others to adjust because of factors such as: its huge human resources and markets; the emergence of a high class education system; and the external resources of Greater China which will provide the skills to allow its structural problems to be overcome. China-led Asia has been seen to be returning to its historical role at the centre of affairs which has had a huge impact on the global economic system similar to the long rise of Europe (and its American offshoot) to pre-eminence 500 years ago. Its emergence has (as also in the case of India) been suggested to be simply a restoration of the position which had existed for most of recorded human history . China has shifted from a unilateral stance in opposition to global institutions to working (often with great effectiveness) within those institutions. A Chinese consensus has been suggested to be a better alternative to the (so called) Washington consensus (free societies and free markets) for developing economies.  Ã‚   Some have even argued that China is the future of the world undergoing a rapid developmental process, building infrastructure and industrial capabilities that will put it into a position of immense power in 20 years and replace the US as the worlds dominant power by 2050.   China is seen to have features which are quite different to earlier challenges to the USs 20th century global dominance (eg Soviet Union, Japan) and to have the potential to create a future Asia-centred economic regime which others including the US can either be part of, or be excluded from. A popular image now seems to be presented within China  of a trendy, super-modern consumer society that will eventually be able to satisfy every material desire. Chinas Economy will flourish According to me Chinas Economy will definitely Flourish for the next coming years. Year in and year out, China has defied the naysayers and stayed the course, perpetuating the most spectacular development miracle of modern times. That seems likely to continue. The following point goes on to itemize the whys and wherefores: STRATEGY, and specifically the latest 5-year plan that shifts from the highly successful producer model of the past 30 years to a flourishing consumer society. COMMITMENT. That Chinese leadership emphasizes stability, and does so with a vengeance. WHEREWITHAL TO DELIVER. More than 30 years of reform have unlocked its economic dynamismand many more reforms are coming. SAVING. A rate of 50% funded the investment imperatives of economic development.China now stands ready to absorb some of that surplus saving to promote a shift toward internal demand. RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION will continue for 20 years, creating huge demand for Chinas massive construction boom. LOW-HANGING FRUIT: CONSUMPTION. Theres enormous room for domestic economic expansion. LOW-HANGING FRUIT: SERVICES. The Chinese service sector is just waiting to be developed. FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT continues, and shows no sign of letting up. EDUCATION: China is catching up to the rest of the word fast. INNOVATION: Education China has huge human resources and potential markets. It has a high class education system, and can draw on external resources (Greater China) for the skills to allow its structural problems to be overcome; Past obstacles have been successfully navigated, and this process is continuing; Chinas response to indications of over-heating in 2004 were satisfactory because the problem was addressed by administrative controls rather than raising interest rates and despite the bad debts of its banking system, China has large international reserves, a more-or-less balanced current account / a modest fiscal deficit and a closed capital account which prevents capital outflows. 14the 2007 credit crisis illustrates Chinas strength. A $1.3tr cash reserve has been built up in the 10 years since the Asian financial crisis and the Peoples Bank of China believes that this provides insulation against crises elsewhere. Entrepreneurs have flourished in China, and the stock market has risen rapidly. There has been a flight of capital to Asia because of the credit crunch. The US / UK economies are heavily dependent on financial services and these are in doubt Problems However, as with all economic miracles there has also been a negative side to this development, and such huge growth has had an impact upon many areas of society and the environment. There became a huge gap between the urban rich and the rural poor, due to the massive incentive and investment programmes targeted in the cities, and to this day the divide remains the one of the largest in the world. Choking levels of pollution affect a great number of Chinese cities to the extent that China can boast the unenviable accolade of being home 7 of the worlds 10 most polluted cities. Other environmental concerns include the loss of substantial amounts of arable land, soil erosion and a drop in the level of the water table. Unemployment has been difficult to contain with huge lay-offs from the previously inefficient state-owned enterprises. These and other problems show only minor sign of receding in the near future so China faces a struggle to balance its unrelenting modernization with countering domestic imbalances and global environmental concerns. To overcome these Issues Chinas Government can take the following Measures for Improvement :- Emphasizes should continue economic reforms and the need to increase domestic consumption in order to make the economy Less dependent on exports in the future Maintaining stable and fast economic growth, with a  focus on price stabilization, more job creation, improved balance of payment, and higher quality of growth. Achieving major progress in economic restructuring, with higher share of household consumption and the service sector, further urbanization, more balanced rural-urban development, lower energy intensity and carbon emissions, and better environment. Increasing peoples incomes, reducing poverty and improving the living standards and quality of life. Expanding access to basic public services, increasing the educational level of the population, developing a sound legal system, and ensuring a stable and harmonious society. Deepening the reforms in the fiscal, financial, pricing and other key sectors, changing the role of the state, improving governance and efficiency, and further integrating into the world economy. Conclusion Although China occupies a unique niche in the worlds political economyits vast populace and large physical size alone mark it as a powerful global presenceit is still possible to look at the Chinese experience and draw some general lessons for other developing countries. Most important, while capital investment is crucial to growth, it becomes even more potent when accompanied by market-oriented reforms that introduce profit incentives to rural enterprises and small private businesses. That combination can unleash a productivity boom that will propel aggregate growth. For countries with a large segment of the population underemployed in agriculture, the Chinese example may be particularly instructive. By encouraging the growth of rural enterprises and not focusing exclusively on the urban industrial sector, China has successfully moved millions of workers off farms and into factories without creating an urban crisis. Finally, Chinas open-door policy has spurred foreign direct investm ent in the country, creating still more jobs and linking the Chinese economy with international markets.